Polyvinyl alcohol is produced through the polymerization of vinyl acetate, followed by hydrolysis. Initially, vinyl acetate monomers undergo polymerization to form polyvinyl acetate (PVAc). Then, hydrolysis (or saponification) takes place, where the ester groups of polyvinyl acetate are converted into hydroxyl groups, resulting in polyvinyl alcohol. The degree of hydrolysis—ranging from 85% to 99%—influences the final polymer's properties, such as its solubility, crystallinity, and mechanical strength. Higher hydrolysis levels tend to create more rigid, water-resistant forms of PVA.